1559 - cateau cambresis, menacing position of french in scotland. The lack of money was problematic because it meant England was potentially vulnerable to attack (and Elizabeth had no means by which to defend the country militarily). Elizabeth and James VI agreed to maintain Protestantism as their respective countries religion. The local inhabitants showed little mercy to the survivors of these wrecks. After Anne Boleyn was executed, Henry had the marriage annulled, effectively meaning that it never happened. Francis Drake led an attack at Cadiz on the Spanish fleet, who were preparing for an invasion of the English. The attack was a success. The plot was uncovered whilst Ridolfi was abroad (he never returned). Elizabeth increased her financial commitment to the cause of the Dutch rebels and hired mercenary soldiers to intervene in the conflict under the leadership of John Casimir. Tel: +44 0844 800 0085. The ships that did manage to make the journey back ran short of supplies, and many men died of starvation and disease. 214 High Street, Medina Sidonia decided to retreat back to Spain and call off the attack on England. The accession of Elizabeth Tudor to the throne of England in November 1558 meant that Mary was, by virtue of her Tudor blood, next in line to the English throne. Elizabeth, however, did not sign the death warrant until February 1587. The plan was supported by various Catholic nobles, including the Earls of Northumberland and Westmorland as this would mean Elizabeth (a Protestant) could be succeeded by a Catholic queen. We and our partners use data for Personalised ads and content, ad and content measurement, audience insights and product development. They were not able to do this because the English used their greater manoeuvrability to stay out of range while firing broadsides (massive barrages of cannonballs) that could sink the Spanish ships. Elizabeth chose to give direct help to the rebels by signing the Treaty of Nonsuch, which placed the Netherlands under her protection and promised military help. The rest of the Spanish fleet was forced to sail away from the French coast and into the North Sea with the English fleet on their trail. English sailors land at Roanoke to find it abandoned. Therefore, Elizabeths legitimacy was questioned because of the marriage between Henry VIII and Anne Boleyn. The death of Mary in November 1558 took England out of the equation. She raised an army following her escape from prison but was defeated at Langside (Glasgow). Elizabeth was inheriting a terrible situation, which she had to sort out. Elizabeth was born on 7th September 1533 to Anne Boleyn and Henry VIII. West Yorkshire, Continue with Recommended Cookies. Importantly though, the arrival of Mary Queen of Scots in England did more to embolden the threat of Catholicism. Elizabeth I: a biography. However, the Act also established a national poor rate, made JPs (Justices of the Peace) keep registers of the poor and gave towns and cities the responsibility to find work for the able-bodied poor. 2002-2023 Tutor2u Limited. Elizabeth seized the gold which angered King Phillip and in response, he seized English ships that were in Antwerp. Company Reg no: 04489574. -Threats from Catholics in the middle years were significant e.g. This interference greatly angered the Spanish and provoked the ire of many Catholics, who now no longer saw Elizabeth as a mediator of the status quo, but as an interfering, troublesome monarch. Anne Boleyn (L), Henry VIII (C) and Elizabeth I (R) Elizabeth was born on 7th September 1533 to Anne Boleyn and Henry VIII. Cecil was a master of Renaissance statecraft, whose talents as a diplomat, politician, and administrator won him high office and . Mary became the inspiration for frequent revolts and rebellions, as it suddenly appeared possible that Elizabeth could be realistically replaced by a legitimate Catholic heir. "the threat of invasions was Elizabeth's main problem when she became queen in 1558" - 1st point + explanation. Best Answer. Here is an example answer to the following 16-mark question on the reasons for the increased Catholic threat to Elizabeth I after 1566. The treaty essentially allowed Elizabeth to focus on developing events in the Netherlands and not worry about protecting her northern border. 214 High Street, Instead, her goal was to ensure freedom of worship for Dutch Protestants and protect Englands Military, commercial and strategic interests listed above. Crucially, when the Spanish ships docked in English ports, the gold was seized by Elizabeth. However, she was fearful of the presence of Spain in the Netherlands, who were busy putting down the Dutch Revolt from 1566 under the command of the Duke of Alba. Mary, Queen of Scots, flees from Scotland to England. Use your outline English canons could also be reloaded more quickly than the Spanish ones allowing them to inflict greater damage. - I partly agree with the statement as both France and Spain were powerful Catholic countries, who could unite against Protestant England. Queen Elizabeth and King Phillip II were still reluctant to openly declare war with one another however, in 1585, this changed due to dispute over the Netherlands. The victory over the Spanish boosted Elizabeths popularity and strengthened the Protestant cause as it was a sign that God favoured Protestantism. West Yorkshire, John White (another leading colonist) sailed back to England to report on the problems being experienced. In 1568, Spanish ships laden with gold bullion took refuge in English ports to escape the bad weather. The evidence was enough to persuade Elizabeth to put Mary on trial and eventually execute her for treason. It had to deal with Irish . This time, however, the evidence gathered by Walsingham was enough to persuade Elizabeth to put Mary on trial. Ironically the simple accession of Elizabeth in 1558 made any desire for a settlement so much more difficult. . The plots involved European conspirators and were supported by France, Spain and even the Pope. The plots were often uncovered due to Elizabeths informants and Walsinghams highly efficient spy network. With the seemingly imminent war between Spain only a matter of time, Elizabeth was determined to rid England of the enemy within. The defeat of the Northern Earls showed there was little appetite for a Catholic revolution. Elizabeth sent an army of 14,000 men to crush the revolt, which lasted around a month (November to December). First English colony in Virginia established. Parents: Henry VIII and Anne Boleyn. Pope Pius V excommunicates Elizabeth from the Catholic Church. There were French troops in Scotland, and this posed a problem for Elizabeth and the security of England because England was still technically at war with France. Spain did not control a deep water port where the Armada could anchor safely and this left them extremely vulnerable to an attack while it waited for Parmas troops to escape the Dutch blockade. The Council was controlled by southern Protestants and this caused resentment by the northern nobles. It was a turning point: the rest of Elizabeth's reign was bedevilled by plots and rumours of Catholic rebellion. "the threat of invasions was Elizabeth's main problem when she became queen in 1558" - 2nd explanation. The powerful countries in Europe at that time - France and Spain - were Catholic and the plots against Elizabeth often . The relative strength of France and weakness of England was further compounded by the fact that Elizabeth had to recognize the loss of Calais to France under the Treaty of Cateau-Cambresis in 1559, following a disastrous English military campaign under the reign of Elizabeths predecessor, Mary I. Calais had been in English hands since 1347. "the threat of invasions was Elizabeth's main problem when she became queen in 1558" - 1st explanation. Throckmorton was tortured and although he confessed, was then killed. This attack proved to be a major setback for Spanish preparation for the Armada. Phillip II of Spain was reluctant to destroy his alliance with Elizabeth and therefore his support for the plots were heart-hearted. Those who refused this were sent to prison. Throughout her reign, Elizabeth was engaged in expensive financial issues, especially foreign policy. After his successful raid on Cadiz, Drake sailed along the coast of Portugal and Spain, seizing Spanish ships and destroying supplies that were being sent to Lisbon for the Armada. The imprisonment owed to her likely involvement in the murder of her second husband, Lord Darnley. and reversing the religious settlement. Overview of Elizabeth I / Study notes, videos, interactive activities and more! Francis Drake is knighted on the Golden Hind. Complete the sentence in a way that shows you understand the meaning of the italicized vocabulary word. If those Catholics decided to rebel against . He also used double agents to infiltrate Catholic networks. The Ridolfi plot failed mostly due to Elizabeths allies passing the names of the main conspirators involved to her. Financial Weakness She was 300,000 in debt. Elizabeth had also claimed all the profits from copper mines that were discovered in his estates which meant he lost a significant amount of money too. There were fewer naval ships anchored there and the port was the centre for a large number of naval supplies which Drake intended to either seize or destroy. - Financial issues may have led to her loosing powerful allies as she could not give important people grant patronages. Elizabeth's legitimacy was one of many problems that Elizabeth faced when she became Queen in 1558. He saw Drake as a pirate and therefore deemed Elizabeths act as deliberately provocative. 214 High Street, Reasons why Philip used the Spanish Armada. "the threat of invasions was Elizabeth's main problem when she became queen in 1558" - 4th explanation - Most significant problem she faced as if she didn't have money she couldn't defend England against invasions. - large religious threat as shows the chance of invasion increased due to the fact Spain and France could unite together against England. As long as Mary was alive, the plots could always be deemed credible and many Catholics secretly wanted a return to Catholocism. Queen Elizabeth showed no mercy to the rebels and the Earl of Northumberland along with 400 rebel troops were executed while the Earl of Westmorland fled abroad. The features and significance of the Ridolfi, Throckmorton and Babington plots. These privateers also raided Spanish ships and attacked the treasure fleets that carried gold and silver from the Americas to Spain. From 1566 the Pope had instructed English Catholics to take part in recusancy, and by 1570 a Papal Bull had been issued excommunicating Elizabeth and stating that English Catholics had no need to have loyalty towards their Queen and instead should help overthrow her. Drake was the first English person to achieve this (and the second person in history at the time). Another extremely important problem Elizabeth faced were the threats from the Auld Alliance of France and Scotland, two Catholic countries that England was sandwiched between. The English also had better tactics that were more effective. In 1570, Pope Pius V excommunicated Elizabeth, encouraging Catholics everywhere to rise up and depose the heretic queen. Some Vikings fled to France to establish a colony called Normandy. 2002-2023 Tutor2u Limited. - Threats of invasion or Elizabeth's authority were made worse by her financial situation. [Blog], Medicine Community Feedback and Suggestions, 2023 entry A100 / A101 Medicine fastest and slowest offer senders, Borders & Enforcement, Immigration Enforcement - Immigration Officer June 22, Official University of the Arts London 2023 Applicants Thread. 14-16 / She replaced her Catholic half-sister Mary, who died childless. The execution of Mary, Queen of Scots eventually took place on 8th February 1587. During Drakes raid, he captured more than 1000 tons of planks made from seasoned wood, which was needed to make the barrels used to carry food and water. July 31st: Battle of Plymouth two Spanish ships were captured. Boston House, By the 1580s, the relationship between England and Spain was at its lowest point and the tension was at boiling point. Describe two threats posed by Mary Queen of Scots to Elizabeth in 1568 4. Her forty-five year reign was constantly under threat, which makes the fact that she was able to overcome these for forty-five years even more remarkable. He then banned English trade with the Netherlands for a period of time which damaged Englands economy and caused much hardship for the English people. Most people in . The Student Room and The Uni Guide are both part of The Student Room Group. Born the daughter of Henry VIII and Anne Boleyn on 7 September 1533, Elizabeth's right to rule as queen of England never went unchallenged. 806 8067 22 Registered Office: Imperial House, 2nd Floor, 40-42 Queens Road, Brighton, East Sussex, BN1 3XB, Taking a break or withdrawing from your course. The northern nobles felt Elizabeths advisors were responsible for many of these policy changes. English direct involvement in the Netherlands, 1585-88. She was reluctant to execute Mary as she was Queen of Scotland and she believed in Divine Right that rulers were sent by God to govern their country. Elizabeth made England protestant, which caused tension with the rest of Europe as they were heavily catholic (such as Spain and France). The Protestant Elizabeth certainly faced difficulties upon becoming Queen with regard to legitimacy, especially from English Catholics and the wider Catholic world. The Armada sailed up the Channel in a defensive crescent formation which used the large armed galleons to protect the weaker supply ships and infantry ships. Elizabeth I faced more difficulties as a monarch than any other Tudor. There was a very real risk that he could form an alliance with other Catholic powers such as France and Spain and invade England. The first being Elizabeth's refusal of marriage to Phillip if Spain. -Elizabeth forced to impose strict penalties against Catholics (penal laws) which enforced religious settlement and protected England against Catholic influence. Importantly too, Elizabeths fear of the Auld Alliance was heightened by the fact that the Catholic Mary, Queen of Scots, had declared herself the legitimate Queen of England (owing to the fact that she was Elizabeths second cousin and the granddaughter of Henry VIIIs sister Margaret) and she had the support of many English Catholics. [The conclusion establishes relative importance and explains why one factor was more important than another.]. He would often return with huge amounts of treasure for Queen Elizabeth. To know the dates for your GCSE exams for 2020, you firstly need to identify which exam board you are studying for your subject. The English navy attempted some minor raids but they were largely ineffective as only 2 Spanish ships were lost, and these were by accident. After her death in 1558, her half-sister Elizabeth I preceded the throne and she tried to re-establish Puritanism in England. Tel: +44 0844 800 0085. Elizabeths legitimacy becomes a problem because of this marriage. England and Spain had tried to remain on good terms but a growing rivalry between them led to increased tensions. - send 2000 to rebels. There are many reasons for this, including interference in English affairs from the Pope, Elizabeths role in the Dutch revolt (which angered Catholic Spain), Mary Queen of Scots arrival in England in 1568 and the rebellion in 1569 that was led by the Catholic Earls Northumberland and Westmoreland. Working for the British, Native American Manteo was placed in charge of the expedition by Sir Walter Raleigh. Spain had become a great military power as Phillip ruled Spain, the Netherlands and parts of Italy. Surviving colonists abandon Virginia and return to England. The Duke of Norfolk was arrested and executed however Mary was not punished beyond her supervision being made tighter. See our A-Level Essay Example on To what extent should changes in the relationship between monarchy and parliament from 1529 to 1640 be seen as arising from divisions over the future of the church?, British History: Monarchy & Politics now at Marked By Teachers. Seeing Spain as a threat, Elizabeth tried to form an alliance with France. The Spanish invasion didnt go according to plan when the Spanish Armada was launched in 1588. Robert Dudley was the Earl of Leicester and during the time of the conflict involving the Netherlands, he was appointed to lead the military expedition to the Netherlands. In all, whilst the Catholic threat was increased through Elizabeths interference with the Dutch revolt, as it incurred the anger of the Spanish, it was Mary Queen of Scots presence that emboldened the Catholic threat. William Cecil, 1st Baron Burghley, Burghley also spelled Burleigh, also called (1551-71) Sir William Cecil, (born Sept. 13, 1520, Bourne, Lincolnshire, Eng.died Aug. 5, 1598, London), principal adviser to England's Queen Elizabeth I through most of her reign. The execution of Mary, Queen of Scots, finally removed the on-going threat at home from Catholics who wanted to replace Elizabeth with her. The English were worried about the threat of invasion and they attacked the Spanish ships as they sailed along the Channel, but the Armada was so strong that most of the ships reached Calais safely. Walsingham had established a large spy network and was able to intercept letters of Catholic conspirators and work with an expert cryptographer to decode them. They were also fearful that France would rekindle their loyalty to Scotland and threaten England from the north and south together. He chose to sail around Scotland and Ireland which presented a dangerous route which the Spanish sailors were unfamiliar with. As such, I disagree with the statement. This pleased those eager for her to marry, but made many unhappy because they did not want her to marry a French Catholic. Why religious compromise was so difficult. The Spanish plan to meet the Duke of Parma at Dunkirk was seriously flawed. Why was France a threat? Edward was born on 12 October 1537 in his mother's room inside Hampton Court Palace, in Middlesex. Norfolk was killed in 1572. However this union was appalling because he was Catholic was married to the previous queen, and a foreigner. "the threat of invasions was Elizabeth's main problem when she became queen in 1558" - 3rd point + evidence, - However Elizabeth was also faced with threats about her legitimacy and gender, "the threat of invasions was Elizabeth's main problem when she became queen in 1558" - 3rd explanation. In 1584, the rebel leader, William the Silent was assassinated, and the Dutch resistance was at risk of defeat. Although he promised to help the conspirators, he rarely followed through on these promises. The use of fireships by the British exposed this weakness. At the beginning of her reign, an obvious candidate for Elizabeth to marry was her half sister's widow, Phillip of Spain. There were two important reasons why France was seen as a threat to England. Manage Settings August 8th: Battle of Gravelines fireships caused the Spanish fleet to scatter. Another problem Elizabeth I had when she ascended to the throne in 1558 was the problems she had with illegitimacy. Many people did not want a foreigner influencing England policy. The war with Spain continued for 15 years, but the Armada of 1588 was the last real serious Spanish threat to Elizabeths throne. In 1558, England lost its final possession - the port of Calais - in France.