earthquake alert super science magazine

scale could occur within the next year in an area 87 miles in diameter Tiffany Means permission of the American Geosciences Institute is expressly The Bay Area's next 'big one' could strike as a series of quakes, Books: The once and future San Andreas Fault. Nicoletta Lanese One of Earth's loneliest volcanoes holds an extraordinary secret. The new year once started in Marchhere's why, Jimmy Carter on the greatest challenges of the 21st century, This ancient Greek warship ruled the Mediterranean, How cosmic rays helped find a tunnel in Egypt's Great Pyramid, Who first rode horses? Questions? The state has a long history of ignoring seismic risk and underfunding emergency management and preparedness, and earthquake early warning has been no exception. The Palu quake cracked through the earth at nearly 9,200 miles an hourfast enough to get from LA to New York City in a mere 16 minutes. a TIME subscriber. Her writing on science and human behavior has appeared in the New Yorker, the New York Times, Time Magazine, the BBC, Quartz and elsewhere. Now, it seems that tragic event was no isolated incident: It actually marked the end of the longest earthquake ever recorded, which crept through the subsurface for a whopping 32 years. A swarm of small quakes near the San Andreas fault spurred officials in California to issue an earthquake alert for residents of Southern California. earthquake, any sudden shaking of the ground caused by the passage of seismic waves through Earth's rocks. 2023-02-12 02:43:51 (UTC-08:00) 44.1 . It has been 19 years since the last significant quake rolled through California the magnitude 6.7 earthquake in Northridge in a . ShakeAlert is not earthquake prediction, rather a tool that indicates an earthquake has begun and shaking is imminent. Haven't signed into your Scholastic account before? All rights reserved. another. Branching corals, sea urchins, shellfish, crabs, and "an occasional unlucky fish" all lay dead or dying, exposed on nearly dry land. Over the years, scientists have also found that the duration of slow quakes can vastly differ. ShakeAlert system version 2.0 has also satisfied government cybersecurity requirements and includes improved operational procedures. But Cochran says alerts are generally issued for a wide range of shaking outcomes, in. What is wind chill, and how does it affect your body? Im a little bit surprised we found this many, Meng said of the newly identified supershear quakes, all of which took place along underwater fault lines beyond the reach of most land-based monitors. The strength of a super-shear earthquake comes from the speed of that rupture. published 2 March 22. All rights reserved. Japan's megaquake and killer tsunami: How did this happen? Tuesday's Android alert was powered by data from ShakeAlert, which detects when an earthquake begins on the West Coast and provides the information to state government agencies and third. NY 10036. qmjhl leading scorers 0. Slow slips preceded many of the mightiest earthquakes ever recorded, including Indonesia's cataclysmic magnitude 9.1 Sumatra-Andaman earthquake in 2004, Japan's devastating magnitude 9.1 Thoku earthquake in 2011, and Chile's destructive magnitude 8.2 Iquique earthquake in 2014. Buildings have been damaged but there are no reported serious injuries after a magnitude-5.9 earthquake and three smaller quakes occurred near Mansfield in Victoria's north-east this morning. But predictions for low levels of shaking could be sent out quickly, while the earthquake was still at a relatively low magnitude. What time is it on the moon? Additionally, for every earthquake, regions near the epicenter may not receive a warning before the shaking arrives. published 30 January 23. Their analysis found that in addition to five previously confirmed supershear earthquakes documented in their data set, a further seven also met the supershear criteria. published 10 February 22. But the violence of a supershear may be more likely to cause the secondary crises that cause so much devastation in a major quake, such as fires and landslides. published 10 May 21. The result is an accumulation of energy that bursts through rock in the way that sound waves piling up against a speeding fighter jet erupt in a sonic boom. Theyre applying these imaging methods really comprehensively to study many, many large earthquakes, most of which have not been studied with these advanced imaging methods, said seismologist Eric Dunham, an expert in supershear earthquakes at Stanford University who was not involved with the research. Europe put on earthquake alert: Five countries at 'high risk' of disaster 'at any moment' THE DANGER posed by earthquakes in Europe has been revealed in the latest update to hazard and risk . As of May 4, residents and visitors have two ways to receive alerts on a mobile phone if shaking from an earthquake is expected: through the Wireless Emergency Alert system and a phone's built-in software. This can be done by detecting the first energy to radiate from an earthquake, the Primary (P) wave energy, which rarely causes damage. 2012: The end of the world or just another year of living in harm's way? TM & 2021 Scholastic Inc. All Rights Reserved. The central section of the San Andreas Fault usually moves by quietly creeping, but new research suggests it's hosted some serious earthquakes in history. 626-583-7225, Follow ShakeAlert on Twitter: @USGS_ShakeAlert, ShakeAlertRevised Technical Implementation Plan (2018). Many users could see the alerts as false alarms if the quake never developed into a more powerful tremor. Known as a slow-slip event, these kinds of quakes have been known to unfurl over days, months, or years. By When you purchase through links on our site, we may earn an affiliate commission. The newfound event near Sumatra pushes the possible durations of slow quakes further than ever before. Subscribe to News from Science for full access to breaking news and analysis on research and science policy. Stephanie Pappas February 2022. When a magnitude 8.5 mega-earthquake struck off the Indonesian island of Sumatra in February 1861, it caused the land to convulse, stirring up a wall of water that crashed on nearby shores and killed thousands of people. Using 1980s Environmental Modeling to Mitigate Future Disasters: Could Japan's 3/11 Disaster Have Been Prevented? In the next 30 years, California has a 99.7% chance of a magnitude 6.7 or larger earthquake and the Pacific Northwest has a 10% chance of a magnitude 8 to 9 megathrust earthquake on the Cascadia subduction zone. But precisely demonstrating that slow-slip events can actually spark bigger geologic shudders has long posed a challenge. But traditional GPS stations are useless on the seafloor since their signals don't penetrate very far through water. The principle of the earthquake "early" warning system is to use the time difference from the faster-propagating waves to make . Future US, Inc. Full 7th Floor, 130 West 42nd Street, By Follow the latest Earthquakes news stories and headlines. Such a fast rupture causes earthquake waves to pile up in . Previously, seismologists suspected that this kind of earthquake occurred more often on continents than in faults running under the sea, since most confirmed supershears were recorded on land. earthquake alert super science magazine . "The more we collect these really long datasets, the more surprises like this that were going to get. 2008-2021. Mag.-8.9 quake strikes Japan, tsunami heads for Hawaii, Natural gas production linked to earthquakes in Texas. The inner core of our planet is actually a mishmash of hard, mushy and liquid metal. The downside? The earthquake caused the collapse of nearly 20 buildings in the city of Izmir. Once that was done, the researchers estimated how long it would take to send out an alert. News at a glance: Monkey shipments, a controversial visa, and support for geoengineering research, Alpaca-derived antibodies could protect plants from disease, Satellites spoiling more and more Hubble images, Pablo Neruda was poisoned to death, a new forensic report suggests, Europes well-preserved bog bodies surrender their secrets, Teens leukemia goes into remission after experimental gene-editing therapy, Seismologists Issue a No-Win Earthquake Warning, Observation of Long Supershear Rupture During the Magnitude 8.1 Kunlunshan Earthquake, The Parkfield, California, Earthquake Prediction Experiment. ShakeAlert-powered alerts delivered by alert distribution partners could give enough time to slow trains and taxiing planes, to prevent cars from entering bridges and tunnels, to move away from dangerous machines or chemicals in work environments and to take cover under a desk, or to automatically shut down and isolate industrial systems. Visit our corporate site (opens in new tab). 43,076. All earthquakes start with P waves, which are fast moving and cause little damage. For very large screens check out the Earthquake Channel Display.And also try our new Station Monitor page. Pacific Northwest earthquake threat heightened? ShakeAlert is an earthquake early warning (EEW) system that detects significant earthquakes so quickly that alerts can reach many people before shaking arrives. Call us at (425) 485-6059. The app is one of the delivery modes of the California Earthquake Early Warning System. CISN is made up of the Southern California Seismic Network (SCSN)and theNorthern California Seismic System (NCSS). Bacigalupi and Cameron survived to tell their stories of Californias deadliest natural disaster. The researchers imagined a new system in which people could set their own threshold for alerts, based not on the actual magnitude of the quake, but on how violent the tremors would be at their location. Have any problems using the site? The slow quakethe longest ever recordedended in disaster in 1861. California contributed nearly $60 . ShakeAlert: An Earthquake Early Warning System for the West Coast of the United States. Heres how it works. Authorities Don't forget about the Christchurch earthquake: Lessons learned from disaster, Earthquake prediction: Gone and back again, Earthquakes overwhelm Tajikistan, Solomon Islands, Geomedia: Twitter gives heads-up to users and officials about earthquakes, Geomedia: Zombie Science? All rights reserved. The alert cannot come before the earthquake starts. In this zone, the Australian tectonic plate plunges beneath the Sunda plate, but it gets stuck along a zone directly beneath an arc of Indonesian islands. A swarm of more than 20,000 earthquakes has rattled southern Iceland this week, and geologists suspect a volcanic eruption is on the way. Not every slow quake leads up to a big shake. Relatively minor earthquakes can also be induced, or caused by human activity, including extraction of minerals from Earth and the collapse of large buildings. Please refresh the page and try again. Only about one in five of the approximately 500,000 earthquakes detected globally by seismic sensors every year produce shaking strong enough for people to notice. The devastating earthquake on Feb. 6 that ravaged south and central Turkey and northwestern Syria, resulting in the loss of more than 46,000 lives, revealed many fault . But a new study discovered a. A big earthquake at Ridgecrest could trigger the Garlock fault, which would in turn trigger the San Andreas. Studies in Washington, Oregon, and California have shown that the warning time would range from seconds to tens of seconds. By Honeycombed with literally thousands of geological faults, California A .gov website belongs to an official government organization in the United States. If the water rises, the coral rapidly shoots upward again. "I wouldnt have believed that we would find a slow-slip event so long, but here we found it," says study author Emma Hill, a geodesist at Nanyang Technological University's Earth Observatory of Singapore. Stephanie Pappas CONTRATTI Tree Rings from Old Growth Douglas-Firs on the Oregon Coast Show Evidence of 1700 Tsunami, Slow and Regular Earthquakes Interact Near Istanbul, Resurrected Supernova Provides Missing-Link, Bald Eagles Aren't Fledging as Many Chicks, Ultracool Dwarf Binary Stars Break Records, Deflecting Asteroids to Protect Planet Earth, Quantum Chemistry: Molecules Caught Tunneling, Shark from Jurassic Period Highly Evolved, 2.9-Million-Year-Old Butchery Site Reopens Case of Who Made First Stone Tools, Gut Microbes Can Boost the Motivation to Exercise, Warmer Climate May Drive Fungi to Be More Dangerous to Our Health, Seawater Split to Produce 'Green' Hydrogen. Old cells hang around as we age, doing damage to the body. Someone 10 kilometers away, for example, would experience more severe shaking from a lower magnitude earthquake than a person 100 kilometers away would. (Example of an ENS notification email) Eco-friendly burial alternatives, explained. mike super short show; dr mario tournament rules; is greenwich village safe london; pg 1/60 unicorn gundam perfectibility; brandon mintz net worth; curried parsnip soup nigel slater; how to print a deck of cards in python The strength of an earthquake matters, and so does what happens after the shaking stops. Before joining The Times, she worked as the senior London correspondent for GlobalPost (now PRI) and as a reporter and assignment editor at the Cambodia Daily in Phnom Penh. rdegroot@usgs.gov "They basically act like natural tidal gauges," Hill says. Stephanie Pappas Magnitude. Earthquake Warning California is the nation's first statewide earthquake warning system to alert people before shaking reaches them. Remember to drop, cover, and hold on when you get an alert or feel shaking. December 2022 / January 2023. As the plates collide, the descending slab tugs on the land above. 2016 Copyright USGS Earthquake Early Warning. 2016 Copyright USGS Earthquake Early Warning. TAX Slow-motion quakes take on many different flavors. Scientists argue that we need to build better monitoring systems to spot earthquakes of this type. Disruptions from a major quake would be serious and long-lasting. The purpose of the ShakeAlert system is to identify and characterize an earthquake a few seconds after it begins, calculate the likely intensity of ground shaking that will result, and make alerts available for delivery to people and infrastructure in harms way. USGS ShakeAlert Earthquake Early Warning System is Born The San Francisco earthquake caused pavement and curbstones to buckle at 18th and Lexington streets. By Gautam Naik. Secure .gov websites use HTTPS "You're moving and the wood is cracking around you," she says. By modeling the physics of the subduction zone and the movement of fluids along the fault, the researchers found that the rapid change was caused by a release of built-up strainthe beginning of a slow-motion earthquake. That's Popular Science, 150 years strong. The same amount of energy released by the fault is being released in a shorter amount of time. Format. Stephanie Pappas Any copying, redistribution or retransmission of any of By MyShake provides earthquake early warnings in California, Oregon, and Washington for estimated magnitude. But continuous monitoring of land motions near subduction zones has only happened in the last couple of decades or so, which means "we're really only looking at a small snapshot in time," she says. earthquakes by 29 Feb 2016 earthquakes Where fire freezes: All eyes, ears and instruments on Iceland's volatile volcanoes Vital seconds: The journey toward earthquake early warning for all Small tremor could have triggered big Chilean quake March 29, 1936: Notes on Earth's Inner Core Tohoku tsunami may have gotten a boost from submarine slump For example, isolating utilities before shaking starts can reduce the number of fire initiations. S, vorrei iscrivermi alla newsletter (facoltativo) e ho letto e compreso l'informativa sulla protezione dei dati personali. All Issues (51) March/April 2023. published 8 September 20. In Turkey, the older the fault, the bigger the quake: Good news for Istanbul? published 17 August 20. Earthquake Notification Service Earthquake Notification Service The Earthquake Notification Service (ENS) is a free service that can send you automated notification emails when earthquakes happen in your area. Scientists just confirmed a 30-foot void first detected inside the monument years ago. Then, the anticipated ground shaking across the region to be affected is estimated and an alert is made available for deliveryto devices that will initiate automated actions and people who will be prompted to take an action such as Drop, Cover, and Hold On. Via Toledo, 256 80132 Napoli +39 081418307studiopeluso@studiopeluso.com, Via Alberico Albricci 820122 Milano +39 0247923191 studiopeluso@studiopeluso.com, Via Calabria, 56, 00197 Roma +39 0642740221studiopeluso@studiopeluso.com. earthquake alert super science magazine. How can I get ShakeAlert-powered alerts on my mobile phone? Only List Earthquakes Shown on Map . Joanna Thompson A magnitude 8.5 earthquake rocked Indonesia in 1861, sending a tsunami barreling into nearby shores. "As the reef moved up in the earthquake, the entire ecosystem was left exactly in place," study co-author Aron Meltzner wrote in a blog about his 2005 field experiences while a Ph.D. student at CalTech. The Science. S waves come next, moving more slowly but causing more destruction. Then, the alert must be delivered to the affected area. The mysterious source of a globe-spanning tsunami that spread as far as 6,000 miles (10,000 kilometers) from its epicenter was an "invisible" earthquake, a new study has found. This fall, the Seismology Lab at UC Berkeley launched ShakeAlert 2.0, California's first earthquake early warning (EEW) system. Android phones will operate as earthquake detectors and show a warning alert that shaking is about to happen. Education, Outreach, & Technical Resources, Washington ShakeAlert Education Symposium, Northern California ShakeAlert Education Symposium, Southern California ShakeAlert Education Symposium, Featured Resources from ShakeAlert and its Partners, ShakeAlert Technical Partner Resource Center. People watch smoke billowing from fires after the 1906 San Francisco earthquake. Scholastic's SuperScience magazine captures the excitement of science in your classroom with science news and blended-learning resources. IMPRESA They happen millions of times a year, but most are so small people don't even feel them. Still, the subtle shifts of the subsurface potentially load strain on adjacent zones along a fault, which could increase the risk of a bigger temblor nearby. Using advanced imaging technology, a research team led by UCLA geophysicist Lingsen Meng examined all 86 earthquakes of magnitude 6.7 or greater along strike-slip faults between Jan. 1, 2000, and Feb. 1, 2020. Coordinator for Communication, Education, Outreach, and Technical Engagement James Whitcomb, 35, said last week measurements suggest that Violent Supershear Earthquakes Are More Common Than Previously Thought Oct. 31, 2022 About 14% of magnitude 6.7 or greater strike-slip earthquakes since 2000 have been supershear. It can also prevent cascading failures in the aftermath of an event. earthquake alert super science magazine. A second promising development is the earthquake early warning system. It is a concern, she said. Blogging on EARTH: AGU: Japan tsunami actually made population more vulnerable? Learn more about the Wireless Emergency Alert system (WEA). earthquake alert super science magazinevasculitis legs and feet pictures earthquake alert super science magazine Menu virginia tech admissions address. Heres what could happen in Southern California if a large earthquake struck on the San Andreas fault. Alerts are delivered by app providers and Android when a magnitude hits 4.5. Just such a shift happened after a magnitude 8.7 quake gripped Sumatra in 2005. Deep Earthquakes Could Reveal Secrets of the Earth's Mantle, Bouncing Seismic Waves Reveal Distinct Layer in Earth's Inner Core, Earthquake Scientists Have a New Tool in the Race to Find the Next Big One, Exact Magma Locations May Improve Volcanic Eruption Forecasts, Scientists Detect Molten Rock Layer Hidden Under Earth's Tectonic Plates, Researchers Uncover Secrets on How Alaska's Denali Fault Formed, Hawai'i Earthquake Swarm Caused by Magma Moving Through 'Sills', Study Shows How Machine Learning Could Predict Rare Disastrous Events, Like Earthquakes or Pandemics, Earthquake Lab Experiments Produce Aftershock-Like Behavior, Landslide Risk Remains Years After Even a Weak Earthquake, Exploring the Deep: Drones Offer New Ways to Monitor Sea Floor, Monitoring 'Frothy' Magma Gases Could Help Evade Disaster, How Tectonic Plates Move: Hidden Molten Rock, Hawai'i Quake Swarm: Magma Through 'Sills', Landslide Risk Remains Long After a Quake, The Adverse Health Effects of Disaster-Related Trauma, Detrimental Secondary Health Effects After Disasters and Pandemics. Science and AAAS are working tirelessly to provide credible, evidence-based information on the latest scientific research and policy, with extensive free coverage of the pandemic. Major earthquakes, some generating tsunamis, have leveled entire cities and affected whole countries. Other areas of Indonesia are already showing cause for concern. In addition to these Phase 1 implementations, technical improvements to the ShakeAlert system are also part of the story. Stephanie Pappas Avv. Alert system gives users seconds to take cover. Abcarian: Mask mandates? 4.5. What is ShakeAlert? Michael Dhar The U.S. Geological Survey (USGS) often detects earthquakes well before eyewitness reports are available. In the late 1980s, computers were already at work analyzing digitally recorded seismic data, and they determined the occurrence and location of earthquakes like Loma Prieta . All Rights Reserved. How did this mountain lion reach an uninhabited island? People may receive an . The 'extreme cruelty' around the global trade in frog legs, What does cancer smell like? 82 km S of Manokwari, Indonesia. published 5 November 21. Though monitoring is often considered one of the "less sexy things" scientists can do, Hill says, it's vital to understanding our planet in all its complexities. Holy $*#&, earthquake! On September 7, 2017, when an 8.2-magnitude earthquake hit off . These skeletons may have the answer, Scientists are making advancements in birth controlfor men, Blood cleaning? The USGS ShakeAlert Earthquake Early Warning System uses earthquake science and technology to detect significant earthquakes quickly so that alerts can reach many people before shaking arrives. Do Not Sell or Share My Personal Information, disaster with an estimated magnitude of 7.8, Heres what would happen if a huge quake hit Los Angeles, Surprising tsunami triggers may lurk off Californias coast, scientists say, What to do during and immediately after an earthquake. Only about 2% of the 28,000 buildings lost in the 1906 earthquake collapsed from the tremors. Access this article and hundreds more like it with a subscription toSuperSciencemagazine. Dont yet have access? published 6 March 21. The USGS and its partners are working on a comprehensive education and training program to so that the public knows respond to alerts when they are received. New Madrid and "Disaster Deferred", Hazardous Living: Collision forces behind devastating Turkey quake. Opinion: How has American healthcare gone so wrong? Some types of coral, such as the finger-like Porites, grow outward and upward until they are lingering just below the water's surface. Stephanie Pappas has already had its share of earthquakes. A cosa sei interessato? Hazardous Living: Guatemala and Ecuador under volcanic siege and other hazards, Hazardous Living: Italian seismologists on trial for manslaughter. Stephanie Pappas It uses science, state-of-the-art monitoring technology, and innovative delivery methods to alert people via mobile devices before the anticipated strongest shaking arrives in affected regions. Before 1829, the ground near the island of Simeulue sank by about one to two millimeters each year, based on the coral data. Install. There are three ways to get #EEW alerts on your phone. If we've learned anything from the COVID-19 pandemic, it's that we cannot wait for a crisis to respond. In 2016, Nanyang Technological Universitys Mallick turned a fresh eye on the coral data. In the moments before a 6.2-magnitude earthquake struck the northern California coast on Monday, roughly half a million phones began to buzz. Seismic waves are produced when some form of energy stored in Earth's crust is suddenly released, usually when masses of rock straining against one another suddenly fracture and "slip." Earthquakes occur most often along geologic faults, narrow zones where rock masses move in . It employs a West Coast-wide network of sensors to detect the quakes before they hit, in hopes of spreading the word as far and wide as possible. Home matthew hagee weight loss surgery earthquake alert super science magazine. Stephanie Pappas On April 18, 1906, San Francisco phonograph dealer Peter Bacigalupis day began like none other. (Photo courtesy of Google Philippines) 18008 Bothell Everett Hwy SE # F, Bothell, WA 98012. published 3 March 22. If the water drops, the coral exposed to the air dies, while the submerged part continues growing outward. Massimo Peluso Via Toledo n. 256 80132 NAPOLI P.IVA 05597271211, Copyright 2022 | All Rights Reserved, S, vorrei iscrivermi alla newsletter (facoltativo) e ho letto e compreso l'informativa sulla. A new deep-learning approach to predict earthquake shaking could lead to better warnings of where and when shaking will occur. Using P-wave information, ShakeAlert first estimates the location and the magnitude of the earthquake. The discovery of such a slow-moving earthquake promises to help scientists grasp the surprising variety of ways our restless planet movesand the deadly potential for these silent events to spark much more potent quakes. You will receive a verification email shortly. So that always gives you a stronger shaking, Meng said. . published 8 December 21. "Its a hot topic right now in the field," says Noel Bartlow, a geophysicist specializing in slow earthquakes at the University of Kansas who was not part of the study team. AAAS is a partner of HINARI, AGORA, OARE, CHORUS, CLOCKSS, CrossRef and COUNTER. Why are we still having these debates? Institute of Technology geophysicist, the state may soon be in for A large earthquake is a much less likely scenario, the agency said. An official website of the United States government. Related Topics: Plate Tectonics, Natural Disasters, Tsunamis, Volcanoes, By While he cautions that the data come from just one location, they hint that a slow-motion quake may already be in progress near the island. The ShakeAlert animation playlist is located here. By The team initially thought the change was due to a shifting region where two tectonic plates lock together, but they weren't sure of the precise cause. Tomorrow marks 323 years since the last Cascadia Subduction Zone earthquake. In the fall of 2018 the West Coast ShakeAlert system became sufficiently functional and tested to begin Phase 1 of alerting in California, Oregon, and Washington. Since then, the . (EnglishorSpanish). Learn more at usgs.gov/faqs/how-do-i-. Check out SuperScience At Home for our favorite stories and tools to kick off your year. published 22 June 22. Brandon Specktor If you check the "Remember me" box, you will be automatically signed in for 30 days to TIME.com when you visit in the future. Voices: Should science dictate whether to rebuild after a natural disaster? By Where fire freezes: All eyes, ears and instruments on Iceland's volatile volcanoes, Vital seconds: The journey toward earthquake early warning for all, Small tremor could have triggered big Chilean quake, March 29, 1936: Notes on Earth's Inner Core, Tohoku tsunami may have gotten a boost from submarine slump, Hazard lingers after South Napa earthquake, Lead-up to Icelandic earthquakes seen in groundwater chemistry, Inland earthquake triggers distant tsunami, Benchmarks: December 26, 2004: Indian Ocean tsunami strikes, Seismic friction causes fault iridescence, Russian earthquake ruptures superfast and deep, Triggered tremor along the San Andreas Fault, We're all living in the global aftershock zone, Alaskan megathrust fault more active under Kodiak. Tragically about 25 of these cause significant damage, injuries, or fatalities. Josh Clemm 4.6 star 45.3K reviews 1M+ Downloads Everyone info Install About this app arrow_forward See Magnitude 1.0+ from the U.S. and Magnitude 4.5+ earthquakes from all.

earthquake alert super science magazine 2023